BackgroundI'm hardly the person to offer a critique of the paper, but, as noted in some of the coverage, the basic idea has been floating around for a long time. As the local historical linguists regularly remind us, there's a longstanding connection between language contact and loss of certain kinds of 'complexity'. One example is this old paper:
Languages differ greatly both in their syntactic and morphological systems and in the social environments in which they exist. We challenge the view that language grammars are unrelated to social environments in which they are learned and used.
Methodology/Principal Findings
We conducted a statistical analysis of >2,000 languages using a combination of demographic sources and the World Atlas of Language Structures— a database of structural language properties. We found strong relationships between linguistic factors related to morphological complexity, and demographic/socio-historical factors such as the number of language users, geographic spread, and degree of language contact. The analyses suggest that languages spoken by large groups have simpler inflectional morphology than languages spoken by smaller groups as measured on a variety of factors such as case systems and complexity of conjugations. Additionally, languages spoken by large groups are much more likely to use lexical strategies in place of inflectional morphology to encode evidentiality, negation, aspect, and possession. Our findings indicate that just as biological organisms are shaped by ecological niches, language structures appear to adapt to the environment (niche) in which they are being learned and used. As adults learn a language, features that are difficult for them to acquire, are less likely to be passed on to subsequent learners. Languages used for communication in large groups that include adult learners appear to have been subjected to such selection. Conversely, the morphological complexity common to languages used in small groups increases redundancy which may facilitate language learning by infants.
Conclusions/Significance
We hypothesize that language structures are subjected to different evolutionary pressures in different social environments. Just as biological organisms are shaped by ecological niches, language structures appear to adapt to the environment (niche) in which they are being learned and used. The proposed Linguistic Niche Hypothesis has implications for answering the broad question of why languages differ in the way they do and makes empirical predictions regarding language acquisition capacities of children versus adults.
O’Neil, Wayne. 1978. The evolution of the Germanic inflectional systems: A study in the causes of language change. Orbis 27.248-286.He shows one simple correlation in one family: Germanic languages appear to have lost inflectional morphology in direct proportion to the amount of language contact they've undergone, from relatively isolated Icelandic to languages like English and Afrikaans (not to mention creoles).
I do wonder about how closely parallel their 'linguistic niche' is to biological evolution. I know that claims about language change and biological evolution often trigger major twitching from historical people.
2 comments:
From a biological point of view, I can offer two basic requirements that are accepted at the moment for driving "evolution", at least in the most general sense: 1) A mechanism for introducing changes in individuals (mutation), and (2) An environment in which individuals must compete for the succession of their particular "changes" into the next generation (selection).
With a little bit of imagination, and probably to the chagrin of a lot of people who will disagree with me, the authors of this paper do a decent job of describing (2) for languages, and it's probably fair to assume that (1) exists, if it hasn't already been proven already and/or the details worked out.
I would agree it's important to avoid too much generalization (and certainly there are major differences in the details), but I'd like to know where the real difficulty lies in drawing parallels between biological and linguistic evolution.
Apologies if this is too serious for the blog. :-)
I read the paper and while appreciate the effort the authors put in, I question their speculation about language change because they only looked at synchronic data in WALS. I caution against drawing too bold of conclusions from that. Though co-author Rick Dale has made the fair point that their conclusions are based on more than their own data. There's a lively discussion in the comments of Gene Expression's post on this paper
here .
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